1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
4 Copyright © 2013 František Kučera (frantovo.cz)
6 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
7 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
8 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
9 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
10 A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
11 Free Documentation License".
13 You should have received a copy of the GNU Free Documentation License
14 along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
16 <dictionary xmlns="https://telco.frantovo.cz/xmlns/dictionary">
19 <tag id="acision" name="Acision" description="comes from Acision or is specific for this company"/>
20 <tag id="ericsson" name="Ericsson" description="comes from Ericsson or is specific for this company"/>
21 <tag id="nsn" name="Nokia Siemens Networks" description="comes from Nokia Siemens Networks or is specific for this company"/>
23 <tag id="charging" name="Charging" description="charging, billing"/>
24 <tag id="messaging" name="Messaging" description="sending messages, receiving messages (SMS, MMS etc.)"/>
26 <tag id="computer" name="Computer" description="general IS/ICT term"/>
27 <tag id="general" name="General" description="general term"/>
28 <tag id="finance" name="Finance" description="financial term"/>
30 <tag id="java" name="Java" description="Java and other JVM languages"/>
31 <tag id="xml" name="XML" description="eXtensible Markup Language"/>
32 <tag id="security" name="Security" description="security and cryptography"/>
33 <tag id="protocol" name="Protocol" description="communication protocol"/>
37 <term abbreviation="MVNO" completeForm="mobile virtual network operator" language="en"/>
38 <term abbreviation="MOLO" completeForm="mobile other licensed operator" language="en"/><!-- in the United Kingdom -->
39 <explanation language="en"><text>a provider which does not have own wireless network infrastructure; but does marketing and sets the prices for subscribers</text></explanation>
42 <term abbreviation="MVNE" completeForm="mobile virtual network enabler" language="en"/>
43 <explanation language="en"><text>a company that provides technical services to MVNO thus MVNO can focus on marketing, pricing, brand and customer care</text></explanation>
46 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="hot billing" language="en"/>
47 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="late billing" language="en"/>
48 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="latebiller" language="en"/>
49 <explanation language="en">
51 a technique used in charging;
52 for pre-paid subscribers the standard way to charge services is online
53 – subscriber's balance is checked in the billing system and if sufficient, the service (e.g. sending a SMS) is provided, otherwise the service is denied;
54 if the billing system is not currently available (so we can't say if the subscriber's balance is high enough), we can provide the service anyway and try to charge it later;
55 this feature requires saving state (transactions which weren't charged yet) in some persitent storage (CDR files, SQL database etc.)
56 and can be done at the billing gateway or directly at system like SMSC
62 <term abbreviation="SMS" completeForm="short message service" language="en"/>
63 <explanation language="en">
65 a service or particular short text message sent from or to a mobile phone;
66 length of the content in one message is 140 bytes (octets), the number of characters depends on encoding, if 7-bit one is used, it is well known 160 characters;
67 the number „160“ is iconic for SMS
73 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="octet" language="en"/>
74 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="byte" language="en"/>
75 <explanation language="en">
77 a unit of digital information;
78 byte (almost always) consists of 8 bits, which means 256 possible values (2^8);
79 octet is a synonym for 8-bit byte which accents that we really mean the 8-bit byte (and not e.g. the 7-bit one)
85 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="octet string" language="en"/>
86 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="OctetString" language="en"/>
87 <explanation language="en">
89 a basic data type in ASN.1, LDAP and other protocols;
90 just a byte array – an ordered sequence of zero or more octets;
91 can contain human readable text (in any character encoding) or any binary data;
92 the most generic data type
97 <term abbreviation="MMS" completeForm="multimedia messaging service" language="en"/>
98 <explanation language="en">
100 a service or particular multimedia message sent from or to a mobile phone;
101 in contrast to SMS, supports not only text but also pictures, videos, sounds…
102 thus subscriber can take a photo by his mobile phone and easily send it to a friend;
103 other use case is AOMT messaging e.g. news with pictures or some premium content;
104 MMS requires special infrastructure including MMSC deployed by the operator
110 <term abbreviation="DMS" completeForm="donors message service" language="en"/>
111 <term abbreviation="DMS" completeForm="dárcovská SMS" language="cs"/>
112 <explanation language="en">
114 specific kind of MOAT short message which is used to donate money to charity or some organization;
115 the donation is charged from sender's pre-paid balance or in his monthly bill alongside the fees for placed calls and sent SMS
121 <term abbreviation="EMS" completeForm="enhanced messaging service" language="en"/>
122 <explanation language="en">
124 an application-level extension to SMS;
125 adds some new features like formatted text, pictures or sounds
126 but works with existing networks (unlike MMS which requires new infrastructure)
132 <term abbreviation="SMIL" completeForm="synchronized multimedia integration language" language="en"/>
133 <explanation language="en">
135 a markup language for describing multimedia presentations;
136 describes timing, layout, animations etc.
143 <term abbreviation="SVG" completeForm="scalable vector graphics" language="en"/>
144 <explanation language="en"><text>an XML-based file format for vector graphics</text></explanation>
149 <term abbreviation="IM" completeForm="instant messaging" language="en"/>
150 <term abbreviation="OTT" completeForm="over the top" language="en"/>
151 <explanation language="en">
153 a kind of electronic communication between two persons or a group chat;
154 compared to e-mail, IM messages are short (few words, sentence) and the other side is expected (depending on his/her online status) to read and respond it immediately;
155 compared to SMS, IM messages are cheap – typically free of charge;
156 important IM feature is presence – the sender knows current status of the recipient: online, offline, away, busy etc.;
157 IM is rooted in the computer world but nowadays it is often used also on mobile phones as an alternative to (expensive) SMS – in such case it is called OTT and requires mobile Internet connectivity;
158 IM messages are usually transferred over an TCP/IP protocol – good example is Jabber/XMPP which is free and open protocol for IM and presence based on XML
165 <term abbreviation="IMS" completeForm="IP Multimedia Subsystem" language="en"/>
166 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
170 <term abbreviation="RCS" completeForm="Rich Communication Suite" language="en"/>
171 <term abbreviation="RCSE" completeForm="" language="en"/>
172 <term abbreviation="RCSx" completeForm="" language="en"/>
173 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="Joyn" language="en"/>
174 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
178 <term abbreviation="XMPP" completeForm="extensible messaging and presence protocol" language="en"/>
179 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="jabber" language="en"/><!-- original name -->
180 <explanation language="en">
182 a communication protocol for messaging based on XML;
183 used for transferring
185 presence information (statuses like: online, busy, away etc.),
186 contact list (called roster here) management,
187 singaling of VoIP and video, file transfers etc.;
188 can be also used as generic messaging protocol for connecting computer systems (not only human-human interaction)
189 or for human-computer interaction (for accessing services like dictionaries, weather forecast or TV guide)
198 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="roster" language="en"/>
199 <explanation language="en"><text>a contact list; term used by Jabber/XMPP</text>
205 <term abbreviation="IMAP4" completeForm="Internet message access protocol version 4" language="en"/>
206 <term abbreviation="IMAP" completeForm="Internet message access protocol" language="en"/>
207 <explanation language="en">
209 a text-based client-server protocol for accessing e-mail mailbox;
211 multiple hierarchical folders (inbox, sent, drafts… or user defined),
212 marging messages with tags/flags,
213 notifications of new messages from server to client (the client does not have to periodically check the inbox and just waits for new messages),
214 full-text search and other features;
215 messages usually stays at server storage after reading which allows using multiple client programs/devices;
216 is more complex than POP3 protocol;
217 uses TCP and standard port is 143 (STARTTLS or unencrypted) or 993 (SSL/TLS)
225 <term abbreviation="POP3" completeForm="post office protocol version 3" language="en"/>
226 <term abbreviation="POP" completeForm="post office protocol" language="en"/>
227 <explanation language="en">
229 a text-based client-server protocol for accessing e-mail mailbox;
230 messages are usually deleted from server after reading and are stored only on the client side;
231 nowadays the more advanced IMAP4 protocol is often used instead of POP3;
232 uses TCP and standard port is 110 (STARTTLS or unencrypted) or 995 (SSL/TLS)
240 <term abbreviation="SMTP" completeForm="simple mail transfer protocol" language="en"/>
241 <term abbreviation="ESMTP" completeForm="Extended SMTP" language="en"/>
242 <explanation language="en">
244 a text-based client-server protocol for sending e-mail messages
245 uses TCP and standard port is 25 (STARTTLS or unencrypted) or 465 (SSL/TLS) or 587 (STARTTLS or unencrypted for Message Submission – RFC 6409);
246 is defined in RFC 5321
254 <term abbreviation="LMTP" completeForm="local mail transfer protocol" language="en"/>
255 <explanation language="en">
257 a derivative of ESMTP designed for transferring messages locally from MTA component to MDA (mail storage, no queue);
258 uses TCP/IP but must not use port 25 (SMTP);
259 is defined in RFC 2033
267 <term abbreviation="MUA" completeForm="mail user agent" language="en"/>
268 <explanation language="en">
270 an e-mail client – a software used for managing user's e-mail;
271 because the MUA (like most client software) runs only when user needs it,
272 the messages from the Internet are received by a remote MTA over the SMTP protocol,
273 then delivered using an MDA into user's remote mailbox,
274 from which they are obtained by the MUA using POP3 or IMAP4 protocols;
275 when sending an e-mail, the MUA composes the message in RFC 5322 format and then submits it using the SMTP protocol to a MTA or MSA server;
276 examples of MUA: Mozilla Thunderbird, KMail, Evolution, Mutt, Lotus Notes
283 <term abbreviation="MTA" completeForm="message transfer agent" language="en"/>
284 <term abbreviation="MTA" completeForm="mail transfer agent" language="en"/>
285 <term abbreviation="MX" completeForm=" mail exchanger" language="en"/>
286 <explanation language="en">
288 a software component which transferres e-mails from one computer to another using SMTP protocol (implements both sending and receiving);
289 messages can be passed over network (relayed) or for local recipients stored locally (passing them to the MDA using LMTP);
290 examples of MTA: Postfix, Sendmail, Exim, Courier Mail Server, Apache James
297 <term abbreviation="MSA" completeForm="message submission agent" language="en"/>
298 <explanation language="en">
300 a software component dedicated to receive e-mails from MUA;
301 cooperates with MTA or is often integrated in MTA as one of its features;
302 uses a variant of SMTP (RFC 6409) and TCP port 587 (different than SMTP/MTA port 25)
309 <term abbreviation="MDA" completeForm="message delivery agent" language="en"/>
310 <term abbreviation="LDA" completeForm="local delivery agent" language="en"/>
311 <explanation language="en">
313 a software component that receives e-mail from the MTA and stores them in the recipient's mailbox;
314 the MDA can also apply Sieve filters on processed messages;
315 examples of MDA: Dovecot, Cyrus IMAP, procmail, maildrop
322 <term abbreviation="MRA" completeForm="message retrieval agent" language="en"/>
323 <explanation language="en">
325 a software component that fetches e-mails from remote server (over POP3 or IMAP4 protocol)
326 and then passes them to the MDA for local storage, or over SMTP to an MTA, or directly delivers it to the mailbox, or prints to standard output etc.;
327 implements pull (not push) approach: fetches messages periodically (or on user's demand)
328 instead of waiting for incoming messages and receiving them immediatelly when they emerge (like MTA does);
329 examples of MRA: fetchmail, getmail
336 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="sieve" language="en"/>
337 <explanation language="en">
339 a standardized language for describing e-mail filters;
340 the MDA can apply system-wide or user-defined filters on incoming messages;
341 a filter has conditions (connected by logical operators: AND, OR…) like „message header contains value X“
342 and actions that will be done with the message like „file into folder X“ or „add flag/label X“ or „redirect message to some.address@example.com“ or „discard message“;
343 filters are executed on the server where MDA resides,
344 so they are independent of the MUA currently used by the user
345 and works even if the user is offline (useful for OOTO messages when the user is on vacation)
352 <term abbreviation="OOTO" completeForm="out of the office" language="en"/>
353 <explanation language="en">
355 an automatic response on a message (e-mail, SMS etc.) which is sent when the recipient is for example on vacation and can't respond immediately;
356 in case of e-mail it can be easily configured as a Sieve filter
363 <term abbreviation="MIME" completeForm="multipurpose Internet mail extensions" language="en"/>
364 <explanation language="en">
366 an Internet standard for extended e-mail format which supports
367 international character sets for body parts,
368 international characters in message headers,
369 attachements of various types,
371 MIME message itself is a human-readable text starting with header section and having one or more body parts;
372 binary or non-ASCII values are encoded in several ways described by the MIME's RFCs;
373 the content types defined by MIME is used also outside of e-mail – for indicating format of the content in HTTP, databases or operating systems
380 <term abbreviation="SAP" completeForm="sms application protocol" language="en"/>
381 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
386 <term abbreviation="SPID" completeForm="service provider ID" language="en"/>
387 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
390 <term abbreviation="UTF-8" completeForm="unicode transformation format 8-bit" language="en"/>
391 <explanation language="en">
393 an character encoding that can represent every character in the Unicode character set;
394 is multibyte and variable-width encoding which means that one character can be represented by one or more bytes
395 (i.e. character length of the text does not have to be equal to byte lenght of the data),
396 in case of UTF-8 it is from 1 byte up to 6 bytes per character;
397 is backward compatible with ASCII – one-byte characters in UTF-8 are encoded in same way as in ACSII;
398 nowadays is widely used: on web, in e-mail, in operating systems (file names), in XML files etc.
403 <term abbreviation="UCS-2" completeForm="universal character set 2-byte" language="en"/>
404 <explanation language="en">
406 an multibyte but fixed-length (2 byte) character encoding;
407 sometimes is used for SMS when international characters are needed – such single message has only 70 characters instead of 160 (7-bit encoding);
408 for general use it was superseded by UTF-16 (in Unicode 2.0 in 1996)
414 <term abbreviation="UTF-16" completeForm="unicode transformation format 16-bit" language="en"/>
415 <explanation language="en">
417 an multibyte and variable-width encoding for Unicode codepoints from 0 to 0x10FFFF;
418 successor of UCS-2 encoding (for range 0-0xFFFF they have same values)
424 <term abbreviation="SMPP" completeForm="short message peer-to-peer" language="en"/>
425 <explanation language="en">
427 open and industry standard protocol for transferring SMS messages among service centers (SC), applications (ESME) and routing entities (RE);
428 was designed by the Aldiscon company (later Logica CMG and later Acision);
429 binary PDUs are transported over TCP/IP or X.25 connection
437 <term abbreviation="NMS" completeForm="network management system" language="en"/>
438 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
442 <term abbreviation="SNMP" completeForm="simple network management protocol" language="en"/>
443 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
447 <term abbreviation="MIB" completeForm="management information base" language="en"/>
448 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
452 <term abbreviation="OID" completeForm="object identifier" language="en"/>
453 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
457 <term abbreviation="SPBP" completeForm="SMS prepaid billing protocol" language="en"/>
458 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
465 <term abbreviation="RTPP" completeForm="Real Time Payment Protocol" language="en"/>
466 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
472 <term abbreviation="BIP" completeForm="billing interface protocol" language="en"/>
473 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
478 <term abbreviation="LTE" completeForm="Long Term Evolution" language="en"/>
479 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
482 <term abbreviation="VoLTE" completeForm="Voice over LTE" language="en"/>
483 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
486 <term abbreviation="FTTH" completeForm=" fiber to the home" language="en"/>
487 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
490 <term abbreviation="CIC" completeForm="Carrier Identification Code" language="en"/>
491 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
494 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="E.164" language="en"/>
495 <explanation language="en">
497 an ITU-T recommendation;
498 full title: The international public telecommunication numbering plan;
499 defines the numbering plan of the PSTN and general format of international phone numbers
504 <term abbreviation="MSISDN" completeForm="mobile subscriber integrated services digital network number" language="en"/>
505 <term abbreviation="MSISDN" completeForm="mobile subscriber ISDN number" language="en"/>
506 <term abbreviation="MSISDN" completeForm="mobile station international ISDN number" language="en"/>
507 <explanation language="en">
509 a globally unique indentifier of a subscription in a GSM or a UMTS network;
510 follows numbering plan defined by E.164 – international phone number
515 <term abbreviation="IMEI" completeForm="international mobile station equipment identity" language="en"/>
516 <explanation language="en">
518 a number used to identify GSM, UMTS, LTE, iDEN or satelite mobile phones;
519 it identifies the device not the subscribtion (like IMSI or MSISDN);
520 on most phones can be displayed by typing *#06#
525 <term abbreviation="IMSI" completeForm="international mobile subscriber identity" language="en"/>
526 <explanation language="en">
528 a globally unique identifier stored on the SIM card used in GSM, UMTS and LTE networks;
529 a 64 bit value usually presented as 15 digit number;
530 consists of MCC (country code), MNC (network code) and MSIN (subscription ID)
535 <term abbreviation="MCC" completeForm="mobile country code" language="en"/>
536 <explanation language="en">
538 a unique numeric identifier of a country;
540 often used in tuple with MNC;
546 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_country_code
547 http://wammu.eu/tools/countries/
548 http://wammu.eu/tools/networks/
551 <term abbreviation="MNC" completeForm="mobile network code" language="en"/>
552 <explanation language="en">
554 a unique numeric identifier of a mobile network (carrier);
556 often used in tuple with MCC
561 <term abbreviation="MSIN" completeForm="mobile subscription identification number" language="en"/>
562 <term abbreviation="MIN" completeForm="mobile identification number" language="en"/>
563 <explanation language="en">
570 <term abbreviation="Ki" completeForm="" language="en"/>
571 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
574 <term abbreviation="SIM" completeForm="subscriber identification module" language="en"/>
575 <term abbreviation="SIM" completeForm="subscriber identity module" language="en"/>
576 <explanation language="en">
578 a smartcard which contains IMSI, ke and cryptographic functions;
579 is used to identify and authenticate subscribers in mobile phone networks
584 <term abbreviation="ICCID" completeForm="integrated circuit card identifier" language="en"/>
585 <!-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_identity_module#ICCID -->
586 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
589 <term abbreviation="GT" completeForm="global title" language="en"/>
590 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
593 <term abbreviation="SCCP" completeForm="signalling connection control part" language="en"/>
594 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
597 <term abbreviation="MWC" completeForm="Mobile World Congress" language="en"/>
598 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
601 <term abbreviation="ITU" completeForm="International Telecommunication Union" language="en"/>
602 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
605 <term abbreviation="3GPP" completeForm="3rd Generation Partnership Project" language="en"/>
606 <term abbreviation="TGPP" completeForm="Third Generation Partnership Project" language="en"/><!-- used as an identifier if can not start with number -->
607 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
610 <term abbreviation="ASN.1" completeForm="abstract syntax notation one" language="en"/>
611 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
614 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="X.400" language="en"/>
615 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
618 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="X.500" language="en"/>
619 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
622 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="X.509" language="en"/>
623 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
628 <term abbreviation="BER" completeForm="basic encoding rules" language="en"/>
629 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
633 <term abbreviation="DER" completeForm="distinguished encoding rules" language="en"/>
634 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
638 <term abbreviation="CER" completeForm="canonical encoding rules" language="en"/>
639 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
643 <term abbreviation="PER" completeForm="packed encoding rules" language="en"/>
644 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
648 <term abbreviation="XER" completeForm="XML Encoding Rules" language="en"/>
649 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
654 <term abbreviation="EMV" completeForm="Europay, MasterCard and Visa" language="en"/>
655 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
660 <term abbreviation="AVP" completeForm="attribute-value pair" language="en"/>
661 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
665 <term abbreviation="TLV" completeForm="type-length-value" language="en"/>
666 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
670 <term abbreviation="PDU" completeForm="protocol data unit" language="en"/>
671 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
675 <term abbreviation="MM1" completeForm="" language="en"/>
676 <explanation language="en">
678 an MMS protocol used between a Mobile Station and an MMSC;
679 is based on WAP and SMS
686 <term abbreviation="MM7" completeForm="" language="en"/>
687 <explanation language="en">
689 an MMS protocol used between an MMSC and VASP;
690 is based on SOAP, HTTP and MIME
697 <term abbreviation="AAA" completeForm="authentication, authorization and accounting" language="en"/>
698 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
703 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="Diameter" language="en"/>
704 <explanation language="en">
706 an AAA protocol and a successor of the RADIUS protocol;
707 consists of the base protocol and many „Diameter Applications“ (protocols based on Diameter)
709 Diameter Credit-Control Application,
710 Diameter Session Initiation Protocol Application or
711 Diameter Extensible Authentication Protocol Application
719 <term abbreviation="RADIUS" completeForm="remote access dial in user service" language="en"/>
720 <explanation language="en">
722 an AAA protocol and the predecessor of the Diameter protocol;
729 <term abbreviation="SCAP" completeForm="service charging application protocol" language="en"/>
730 <term abbreviation="SCAPv2" completeForm="service charging application protocol version 2" language="en"/>
731 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="Draft 8" language="en"/>
732 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="Draft-8" language="en"/>
733 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
739 <term abbreviation="DCC" completeForm="Diameter credit control" language="en"/>
740 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
744 <term abbreviation="DAAC" completeForm="Diameter accounting and authorization control" language="en"/>
745 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
749 <term abbreviation="SPI" completeForm="service parameter info" language="en"/>
750 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
754 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="result code" language="en"/>
755 <explanation language="en">
757 a number which represents the result of an operation in the Diameter protocol;
758 codes are divided into several groups:
759 1xxx – Informational,
761 3xxx – Protocol errors,
762 4xxx – Transient failures,
763 5xxx – Permanent failure;
764 for example 2001 means success, 2002 limited success, 3001 unsupported command or 5001 unsupported AVP
769 <term abbreviation="CCR" completeForm="Credit-Control-Request" language="en"/>
770 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
774 <term abbreviation="CCA" completeForm="Credit-Control-Answer" language="en"/>
775 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
779 <term abbreviation="CCN" completeForm="Charging Control Node" language="en"/>
780 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
784 <term abbreviation="IN" completeForm="Intelligent Network" language="en"/>
785 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
790 <term abbreviation="BS" completeForm="billing system" language="en"/>
791 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
795 <term abbreviation="CTF" completeForm="Charging Trigger Function" language="en"/>
796 <explanation language="en">
798 one of two peers involved in charging process;
799 CTF decides how to charge particular subscriber for specific service;
800 issues requests to the OCF
806 <term abbreviation="OCF" completeForm="Online Charging Function" language="en"/>
807 <explanation language="en">
809 one of two peers involved in charging process;
810 accepts requests from CTF and performs actual charging
811 based on the message type, service logic, user's profile or other circumstances
817 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="charged party" language="en"/>
818 <!-- A, B, AB, - RTPP/MMSC -->
819 <explanation language="en">
821 the party (sender or recipient) who is charged for the service (e.g. SMS);
822 MOMT messages (or other traffic) are typically charged to the sender (A);
823 AOMT messages (like weather forecast or news) are typically charged to the recipient (B);
824 some messages can be free of charge and some can be charged to both party (AB)
830 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="subscriber" language="en"/>
831 <explanation language="en">
833 a subscriber of a mobile network, a customer of a telco operator
834 (but term „customer“ is ambiguous because „customer“ from SW development team point of view is the telco operator)
839 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="SMS gateway" language="en"/>
840 <term abbreviation="RE" completeForm="routing entity" language="en"/>
841 <explanation language="en">
843 a software component located between the SMSC (or other service centre) and ESME (applications);
844 passes messages in both directions,
845 uses SMPP and other messaging protocols,
846 does routing of messages, their transformations, conversions or other operations
851 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="pre-paid" language="en"/>
852 <explanation language="en">
854 a kind of subscription where the subscriber pays in advance
855 and his services are charged (usually immediately, online) from his pre-paid balance
861 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="post-paid" language="en"/>
862 <explanation language="en">
864 a kind of subscription where the subscriber pays later than he uses the services (usually monthly);
865 compared to pre-paid, batch processing of CDR files and offline processing is common here
871 <term abbreviation="CDR" completeForm="call detail record" language="en"/>
872 <term abbreviation="SDR" completeForm="service detail record" language="en"/>
873 <explanation language="en">
875 kind of log file in machine-readable format (ASN.1, XML, CSV etc.)
876 which describes particular usages of a service – e.g. placed phone call, sent SMS, Internet connection;
877 CDR/SDR files are used for post-paid billing (not processed online but in batch) and as documentation of usage;
878 they must be handled carefully because they contain private information (who calls or texts who);
879 always respect subscriber's privacy!
885 <term abbreviation="MO" completeForm="mobile originated" language="en"/>
886 <explanation language="en">
888 traffic which comes from a cell phone resp. mobile network,
889 e.g. an SMS sent from your Handy
895 <term abbreviation="MT" completeForm="mobile terminated" language="en"/>
896 <explanation language="en">
898 traffic which comes to a cell phone resp. mobile network,
905 <term abbreviation="AO" completeForm="application originated" language="en"/>
906 <explanation language="en">
908 traffic which comes from an application i.e. not from the mobile network/phone,
909 e.g. some weather forecast messages generated by an SPA
915 <term abbreviation="AT" completeForm="application terminated" language="en"/>
916 <explanation language="en">
918 traffic which comes to an application i.e. not to the mobile network/phone,
919 e.g. message sent to an application in order to subscribe the service or to send your vote
925 <term abbreviation="MOMT" completeForm="mobile originated → mobile terminated" language="en"/>
926 <explanation language="en"><text>e.g. when Bob texts Alice from his phone to her phone</text></explanation>
930 <term abbreviation="MOAT" completeForm="mobile originated → application terminated" language="en"/>
931 <explanation language="en"><text>e.g. if Bob subscribes a weather forecast service by sending a message from his phone</text></explanation>
935 <term abbreviation="AOMT" completeForm="application originated → mobile terminated" language="en"/>
936 <explanation language="en"><text>e.g. if Alice receives to her phone a news message which she has previously subscribed</text></explanation>
940 <term abbreviation="AOAT" completeForm="application originated → application terminated" language="en"/>
941 <explanation language="en">
943 if two applications communicates over an SMS gateway and there are no cell phones involved;
944 this is pretty rare, but somewhere you can meet such configuration
950 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="Handy" language="de"/>
951 <explanation language="en"><text>a cell phone</text></explanation>
954 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="billing" language="en"/>
955 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="charging" language="en"/>
956 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
960 <term abbreviation="IEC" completeForm="immediate event charging" language="en"/>
961 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
965 <term abbreviation="ECUR" completeForm="event charging with unit reservation" language="en"/>
966 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
970 <term abbreviation="SCUR" completeForm="session charging with unit reservation" language="en"/>
971 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
975 <term abbreviation="COI" completeForm="community of interest" language="en"/>
976 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
979 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="aliasing" language="en"/>
980 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="de-aliasing" language="en"/>
981 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="dealiasing" language="en"/>
982 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="hashing" language="en"/>
983 <explanation language="en">
985 when a subscriber communicates with an application (MOAT/AOMT messaging)
986 he might not want expose his identity (MSISDN or IMSI);
987 the aliasing feature (sometimes called hashing) deployed on an SMS gateway enables this communication and rewrites the subscriber's ID to some generated ID;
988 the application can then send a response on a message without knowing subscriber's identity (on the gateway the ID is translated back to real ID – de-aliasing);
990 subscribers can vote in some survey,
991 everyone will have one vote,
992 but the owner of the survey will not know the opinion of particular subscibers
993 because of missing their real IDs
1000 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="provisioning" language="en"/>
1001 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1005 <term abbreviation="CP" completeForm="content provider" language="en"/>
1006 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1009 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="short code" language="en"/>
1010 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="short number" language="en"/>
1011 <explanation language="en">
1013 a special kind of phone number which has few digits (e.g. four);
1014 ESME usually has assigned a short number
1015 thus subscriber can do MOAT messaging without remembering/typing long phone numbers;
1016 texting or calling to/from this numbers might be charged with an extra rate
1017 (the subscriber pays not only for the telco service but also for the VAS provided)
1020 <tag>messaging</tag>
1023 <term abbreviation="VASP" completeForm="value-added service provider" language="en"/>
1024 <explanation language="en">
1026 a provider who operates an ESME (application)
1029 <tag>messaging</tag>
1032 <term abbreviation="ESME" completeForm="external short message entity" language="en"/>
1033 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="application" language="en"/>
1034 <term abbreviation="LA" completeForm="large account" language="en"/>
1035 <term abbreviation="VAS" completeForm="value-added service" language="en"/>
1036 <term abbreviation="SPA" completeForm="service provider application" language="en"/>
1037 <term abbreviation="AIM" completeForm="application interface module" language="en"/>
1039 LA vs. AIM „Use AIM instead of LA (AIM is an MCO term, LA is a V5 term).“
1041 ESME = any application which can either
1042 recieve or send or both is an ESME (also known as VAS or SPA or LA)
1043 LA Large Account (also known as ESME or SPA or VAS)
1044 SPA Service Provider Application (also known as ESME or VAS or LA)
1045 VAS Value Added Service (also known as ESME or SPA or LA)
1047 <explanation language="en">
1049 an application a software component which sends and receives messages (SMS, MMS, e-mail…) and is connected over IP (not directly attached to mobile network) and protocol like SMPP;
1050 often is operated by different company than telco operator – a VASP;
1053 <tag>messaging</tag>
1056 <term abbreviation="NEP" completeForm="network end point" language="en"/>
1057 <explanation language="en">
1059 an end-point in RE where SC is connected
1062 <tag>messaging</tag>
1065 <term abbreviation="AEP" completeForm="application end point" language="en"/>
1066 <explanation language="en">
1068 an end-point in RE where SPA is connected
1071 <tag>messaging</tag>
1074 <term abbreviation="SPDB" completeForm="service provider database" language="en"/>
1075 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1078 <term abbreviation="MCO" completeForm="Message Controller" language="en"/>
1079 <!-- bridge mezi TCP/IP a SS7 ? -->
1080 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1082 <tag>messaging</tag>
1085 <term abbreviation="SME" completeForm="short message entity" language="en"/>
1086 <explanation language="en">
1088 e.g. a mobile handset
1092 <tag>messaging</tag>
1095 <term abbreviation="GSM" completeForm="Global System for Mobile communications" language="en"/>
1096 <term abbreviation="GSM" completeForm="Groupe Spécial Mobile" language="fr"/>
1097 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1100 <term abbreviation="GSMA" completeForm="GSM Association" language="en"/>
1101 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1104 <term abbreviation="CDMA" completeForm="code division multiple access" language="en"/>
1105 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1108 <term abbreviation="TDMA" completeForm="time division multiple access" language="en"/>
1109 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1112 <term abbreviation="UMTS" completeForm="universal mobile telecommunications system" language="en"/>
1113 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1116 <term abbreviation="SS7" completeForm="signalling system no. 7" language="en"/>
1117 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1120 <term abbreviation="SIGTRAN" completeForm="SIGnaling TRAnsport" language="en"/>
1121 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1124 <term abbreviation="3G" completeForm="third generation" language="en"/>
1125 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1128 <term abbreviation="4G" completeForm="fourth generation" language="en"/>
1129 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1132 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="Baby Bell" language="en"/>
1133 <!-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Bell_Operating_Company -->
1134 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1137 <term abbreviation="EAIF" completeForm="external application interface" language="en"/>
1138 <explanation language="en"><text>Nokia's protocol for sending and receiving MMS, is based on HTTP and transferres binary content.</text></explanation>
1140 <tag>messaging</tag>
1144 <term abbreviation="UCP" completeForm="universal computer protocol" language="en"/>
1145 <explanation language="en">
1147 an SMS messaging protocol developed by CMG (later Acision)
1148 as interface for ESME to SMSC;
1149 an extended variant of it is called EMI
1153 <tag>messaging</tag>
1157 <term abbreviation="EMI" completeForm="external machine interface" language="en"/>
1158 <explanation language="en"><text>an extension of UCP</text></explanation>
1160 <tag>messaging</tag>
1164 <term abbreviation="CIMD" completeForm="computer interface to message distribution" language="en"/>
1165 <explanation language="en">
1167 a proprietary SMS messaging protocol developed by Nokia
1168 for connecting to their SMSC
1172 <tag>messaging</tag>
1176 <term abbreviation="URLP" completeForm="URL encoded message protocol" language="en"/>
1177 <explanation language="en">
1179 a simple protocol that can be used between AAG and SPA for transmitting messages;
1180 uses HTTP GET method and encodes data in the URL or in HTTP response body
1184 <tag>messaging</tag>
1188 <term abbreviation="SMAP" completeForm="short message application protocol" language="en"/>
1189 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1190 <tag>messaging</tag>
1195 <term abbreviation="PSA" completeForm="" language="en"/>
1196 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1200 <term abbreviation="PAP" completeForm="push access protocol" language="en"/>
1201 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1205 <term abbreviation="SC" completeForm="service center" language="en"/>
1206 <term abbreviation="MC" completeForm="message centre" language="en"/>
1207 <explanation language="en">
1209 a component in telecommunication network;
1210 SMSC for SMS or MMSC for MMS messages
1213 <tag>messaging</tag>
1216 <term abbreviation="SMSC" completeForm="SMS service center" language="en"/>
1217 <term abbreviation="SMS-SC" completeForm="Short Message Service - Service Centre" language="en"/>
1218 <explanation language="en">
1220 a component in telecommunication network dedicated to store, forward, convert and deliver SMS messages;
1221 is connected to the SS7 network on one side and to routing entities (RE) using SMPP on the other side;
1222 is able to process MOMT messaging and also MOAT or AOMT messaging (using RE)
1223 Example of SMSC: SMSCv5
1226 <tag>messaging</tag>
1229 <term abbreviation="SMSCv5" completeForm="SMS service center version 5" language="en"/>
1230 <term abbreviation="v5" completeForm="" language="en"/><!-- jargon -->
1231 <explanation language="en">
1233 an implementation of SMSC from Acision;
1234 runs on an OpenVMS system
1238 <tag>messaging</tag>
1241 <term abbreviation="MMSC" completeForm="Multimedia Messaging Service Centre" language="en"/>
1242 <term abbreviation="MMSC" completeForm="MMS Service Centre" language="en"/>
1243 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="MMS store and forward server" language="en"/>
1244 <explanation language="en">
1246 a kind of SC dedicated to processing multimedia messages;
1247 the messaging is more comlex process than in case of SMS:
1248 MO MMS message is received (in similar format to MIME e-mail) by the MMSC and stored,
1249 then SC determines if the recipient is capable to receive MMS,
1250 if yes, the message is put at a server with HTTP interface and the recipient gets special SMS containing the URL and downloads it over WAP,
1251 if recipient is not capable he gets plain text SMS with URL and have to use computer and www browser
1254 <tag>messaging</tag>
1257 <term abbreviation="BMSC" completeForm="Broadband Messaging Service Centre" language="en"/>
1258 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="Fusion" language="en"/>
1259 <explanation language="en">
1261 a consolidated messaging platform announced by the Acision company in 2013;
1262 integrates RSC, SMS, MMS and voice mail
1266 <tag>messaging</tag>
1269 <term abbreviation="IWG" completeForm="inter-working gateway" language="en"/>
1270 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1271 <tag>messaging</tag>
1274 <term abbreviation="WAP" completeForm="wireless application protocol" language="en"/>
1275 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1279 <term abbreviation="OTA" completeForm="over-the-air" language="en"/>
1280 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1283 <term abbreviation="FOTA" completeForm="firmware over the air" language="en"/>
1284 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1287 <term abbreviation="DRM" completeForm="digital restrictions management" language="en"/>
1288 <term abbreviation="DRM" completeForm="digital rights management" language="en"/>
1289 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1293 <term abbreviation="SyncML" completeForm="synchronization markup language" language="en"/>
1294 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1298 <term abbreviation="VoIP" completeForm="voice over IP" language="en"/>
1299 <explanation language="en">
1301 delivering voice communication (or other multimedia sessions like video) over the Internet Protocol (IP) instead of traditional telco networks;
1302 there are open and standard protocols for signaling: SIP and XMPP and open protocols for the payload (audio/video) like RTP;
1303 VoIP is nowadays widely used inside companies where often shares same ethernet network with computers (can be separeted by VLANs)
1304 and also in households espetially for cheap overseas calls;
1305 as VoIP phone can be used a computer with appropriate software or a cell phone or dedicated hardware phone;
1306 there are also gateways that enable connecting old analog phones to the VoIP network
1311 <term abbreviation="SIP" completeForm="session initiation protocol" language="en"/>
1312 <explanation language="en">
1314 an open signalling protocol for initiation of VoIP calls (audio, video or possibly other media sessions);
1315 has similar format of headers and request/response model as HTTP;
1316 transported over UDP or TCP (for TLS encryption) or SCTP;
1317 for the media payload is typically used RTP protocol
1323 <term abbreviation="RTP" completeForm="real-time transport protocol" language="en"/>
1324 <explanation language="en">
1326 a standardized packet format for delivering audio and video over IP;
1327 can transfer audio or video streams for telephony or television streams;
1328 is used heavily in VoIP in combination with SIP;
1329 can be secured with SRTP/ZRTP to avoid wiretrapping
1335 <term abbreviation="SRTP" completeForm="secure RTP" language="en"/>
1336 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1341 <term abbreviation="ZRTP" completeForm="Zimmermann RTP" language="en"/>
1342 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1347 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="throttling" language="en"/>
1348 <explanation language="en">
1350 limiting the flow rate;
1351 e.g. short messages per second
1354 <tag>messaging</tag>
1357 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="keep alive" language="en"/>
1358 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="keep-alive" language="en"/>
1359 <explanation language="en">
1361 a packet or message or command without useful content
1362 which is sent in order to avoid closing the connection (time out) and to check, it is still working;
1363 in HTTP this term means persistent connection
1369 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="inroaming" language="en"/>
1370 <explanation language="en"><text>roaming of subscribers from other operator in your network</text></explanation>
1373 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="outroaming" language="en"/>
1374 <explanation language="en"><text>roaming of your subscribers in other operator's network</text></explanation>
1377 <term abbreviation="TON" completeForm="type of number" language="en"/>
1378 <explanation language="en">
1380 (0x00) Unknown type of number;
1381 (0x01) International number;
1382 (0x02) National number;
1383 (0x03) Network specific number;
1384 (0x04) Subscriber number, dedicated access, short code;
1385 (0x05) Alphanumeric, in 7-bit GSM alphabet;
1386 (0x06) Abbreviated number
1391 <term abbreviation="NPI" completeForm="numbering plan indicator" language="en"/>
1392 <explanation language="en">
1394 a number which indicates the numbering plan of a telephone number;
1396 (0x00) Unknown numbering plan;
1397 (0x01) ISDN/telephone numbering plan – E.164/E.163;
1399 (0x03) Data numbering plan – X.121;
1400 (0x04) Telex numbering plan – F.96;
1401 (0x05) Service Centre Specific plan;
1402 (0x06) Land mobile numbering plan – E.212;
1403 (0x07) ISDN/mobile numbering plan – E.214;
1404 <!-- only 0-7 defined in the ITU standard Q.713 ? -->
1405 (0x08) National numbering plan;
1406 (0x09) Private numbering plan;
1407 (0x0A) ERMES numbering plan – ETSI DE/PS 3 01-3;
1408 (0x0D) Binary Internet addres – IP;
1409 (0x0E) Alphanumeric Internet address
1414 <term abbreviation="PID" completeForm="protocol identifier" language="en"/>
1415 <explanation language="en">
1417 one octet of information which describes the protocol resp. type of telematic device;
1418 0 means implicit (plain MOMT messages);
1419 other values are described in 3GPP TS 03.40
1424 <term abbreviation="PID" completeForm="process identifier" language="en"/>
1425 <explanation language="en">
1427 identifier of an process (running program) in an operating system;
1428 PID 1 is usually assigned to the init process (the first process which starts other ones)
1434 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="Blue box" language="en"/>
1435 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="BlueBox" language="en"/>
1436 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1439 Orange box https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_box
1440 Vermilion box https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion_box
1441 Magenta box https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magenta_box
1444 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="Orange box" language="en"/>
1445 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="OrangeBox" language="en"/>
1446 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1449 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="Vermilion box" language="en"/>
1450 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="VermilionBox" language="en"/>
1451 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1454 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="Magenta box" language="en"/>
1455 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="MagentaBox" language="en"/>
1456 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1459 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="hack" language="en"/>
1460 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="hacking" language="en"/>
1461 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="hacker" language="en"/>
1462 <explanation language="en">
1464 hacker is an interrogative person interested in internal principles of things;
1465 often it is a software developer or a system administrator but hacking is also possible outside the digital world;
1466 hacking is the activity of these people – usually
1467 improving a software by adding new features
1468 or discovering secrets in existing software or hardware systems
1469 or running extraordinary configurations or combinations of components;
1470 hack is the product of their work – e.g. improved computer program or piece of hardware;
1471 <!-- hack can mean also the insctructions how to do it; -->
1472 don't confuse with „cracker“
1475 RMS - https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/rms-hack.html
1476 „someone who enjoys playful cleverness, especially in programming but other media are also possible“
1478 ESR - http://www.catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/H/hacker.html
1479 [originally, someone who makes furniture with an axe]
1480 1. A person who enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities, as opposed to most users, who prefer to learn only the minimum necessary. RFC1392, the Internet Users' Glossary, usefully amplifies this as: A person who delights in having an intimate understanding of the internal workings of a system, computers and computer networks in particular.
1481 2. One who programs enthusiastically (even obsessively) or who enjoys programming rather than just theorizing about programming.
1482 3. A person capable of appreciating hack value.
1483 4. A person who is good at programming quickly.
1484 5. An expert at a particular program, or one who frequently does work using it or on it; as in ‘a Unix hacker’. (Definitions 1 through 5 are correlated, and people who fit them congregate.)
1485 6. An expert or enthusiast of any kind. One might be an astronomy hacker, for example.
1486 7. One who enjoys the intellectual challenge of creatively overcoming or circumventing limitations.
1487 8. [deprecated] A malicious meddler who tries to discover sensitive information by poking around. Hence password hacker, network hacker. The correct term for this sense is cracker.
1488 The term ‘hacker’ also tends to connote membership in the global community defined by the net (see the network. For discussion of some of the basics of this culture, see the How To Become A Hacker FAQ. It also implies that the person described is seen to subscribe to some version of the hacker ethic (see hacker ethic).
1489 It is better to be described as a hacker by others than to describe oneself that way. Hackers consider themselves something of an elite (a meritocracy based on ability), though one to which new members are gladly welcome. There is thus a certain ego satisfaction to be had in identifying yourself as a hacker (but if you claim to be one and are not, you'll quickly be labeled bogus). See also geek, wannabee.
1490 This term seems to have been first adopted as a badge in the 1960s by the hacker culture surrounding TMRC and the MIT AI Lab. We have a report that it was used in a sense close to this entry's by teenage radio hams and electronics tinkerers in the mid-1950s.
1492 RFC 1392 - https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1392
1493 A person who delights in having an intimate understanding of the
1494 internal workings of a system, computers and computer networks in
1495 particular. The term is often misused in a pejorative context,
1496 where "cracker" would be the correct term. See also: cracker.
1503 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="crack" language="en"/>
1504 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="cracking" language="en"/>
1505 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="cracker" language="en"/>
1506 <explanation language="en">
1508 someone who breaks the security protections in order to get unauthorized access to a computer system;
1509 they often misuse their skills to steal private data, destroy systems or steal money;
1510 don't confuse with „hacker“
1517 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="phreak" language="en"/>
1518 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="phreaking" language="en"/>
1519 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="phreaker" language="en"/>
1520 <explanation language="en">
1522 a hacker interested in phone systems or telecommunications in general;
1523 sometimes they can become cracker if they don't only experiment but misuse telephone networks excessively (fraud);
1524 the term is a portmanteau of the words „phone“ and „freak“
1530 <term abbreviation="AAGP" completeForm="Acision Application Gateway Provisioning" language="en"/>
1531 <term abbreviation="GAS" completeForm="Generic application server" language="en"/>
1532 <term abbreviation="CPS" completeForm="Central provisioning system" language="en"/>
1533 <explanation language="en">
1535 a software component developed by the Acision company;
1536 a provisioning tool for AAG and other products of this company;
1537 can be used as generic provisioning tool for any product provided that particular connector exists;
1538 has web GUI and several APIs
1542 <tag>messaging</tag>
1545 <term abbreviation="AAG" completeForm="Acision Application Gateway" language="en"/>
1546 <term abbreviation="OMG" completeForm="Open Messaging Gateway" language="en"/>
1547 <explanation language="en">
1549 a software component developed by the Acision company;
1550 typical use case is: a messaging gateway between SMSC and applications (ESME)
1554 <tag>messaging</tag>
1557 <term abbreviation="GBG" completeForm="General Billing Gateway" language="en"/>
1558 <term abbreviation="AFG" completeForm="Acision Flexible Gateway" language="en"/>
1559 <term abbreviation="TGC" completeForm="Test Gateway Component" language="en"/>
1560 <term abbreviation="UGC" completeForm="Universal Gateway Component" language="en"/>
1561 <explanation language="en">
1563 a software component developed by the Acision company;
1564 works as a messaging gateway and can interconnect systems talking many various messaging protocols;
1565 is highly configurable and can translate and transform messages in many formats;
1566 original purpose was doing a gateway for billing messages comming from e.g. SMSC to some billing system
1570 <tag>messaging</tag>
1573 <term abbreviation="UGC" completeForm="user generated content" language="en"/>
1574 <explanation language="en">
1576 content in various media formats (text, pictures, video, sound…)
1577 which is created by users (or subscribers);
1578 e.g. photos taken by mobile and sent over MMS, e-mail or web to some server which displays them to other users
1584 <term abbreviation="VCS" completeForm="version control system" language="en"/>
1585 <term abbreviation="RCS" completeForm="revision control system" language="en"/>
1586 <explanation language="en">
1588 a software tool used for management of changes in documents;
1589 often is used for managing source code and other artifacts (like documentation or analytic models) created during software development;
1590 VCS tracks versions of particular files or changesets, branches, tags (named revisions);
1591 examples of traditional centralized VCS: SCCS, RCS, CVS or SVN (quite modern but centralized);
1592 nowadays are very popular decentralized systems (DVCS)
1598 <term abbreviation="DVCS" completeForm="distributed version control system" language="en"/>
1599 <term abbreviation="DRCS" completeForm="distributed revision control system" language="en"/>
1600 <explanation language="en">
1602 kind of version control system which allows not only workflow with one central server
1603 but also decentralized workflows where changesets are pushed or pulled between particular nodes;
1604 each node has typically full repository clone with all the history (commits, branches, tags);
1605 this facilitates offline work –
1606 developer can do commits or work with branches and tags even if he is offline –
1607 and after going online,
1608 he pushed his work to other developers
1609 or to the central repository
1610 or his work is pulled by others;
1611 other advantage is easy backup – just clone the repository and then do push/pull from the working one;
1612 Examples of DVCS: Mercurial (Hg), Git, Bazaar (bzr), Monotone (mtn), Fossil, GNU arch, Darcs, DCVS or SVK
1618 <term abbreviation="SCM" completeForm="software configuration management" language="en"/>
1619 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1623 <term abbreviation="hg" completeForm="mercurial" language="en"/>
1624 <explanation language="en"><text>a distributed version control system</text></explanation>
1628 <term abbreviation="cvs" completeForm="Concurrent Versions System" language="en"/>
1629 <explanation language="en"><text>a centralized version control system</text></explanation>
1633 <term abbreviation="svn" completeForm="Subversion" language="en"/>
1634 <explanation language="en"><text>a centralized version control system</text></explanation>
1638 <term abbreviation="bzr" completeForm="Bazaar" language="en"/>
1639 <explanation language="en"><text>a distributed version control system</text></explanation>
1643 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="git" language="en"/>
1644 <explanation language="en"><text>a distributed version control system</text></explanation>
1648 <term abbreviation="XML" completeForm="eXtensible markup language" language="en"/>
1649 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1654 <term abbreviation="xmlns" completeForm="XML name space" language="en"/>
1655 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
1660 <term abbreviation="DTD" completeForm="document type definition" language="en"/>
1661 <explanation language="en">
1663 a schema language for XML;
1664 used to describe the format based on XML
1665 and perform validations of XML documents
1672 <term abbreviation="XSD" completeForm="XML schema definition" language="en"/>
1673 <explanation language="en">
1675 a schema language for XML;
1676 used to describe the format based on XML
1677 and perform validations of XML documents
1678 XSD itself is written in XML;
1679 is more powerful than DTD
1686 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="Schematron" language="en"/>
1687 <explanation language="en">
1689 a validation language;
1690 can describe formats based on XML like XSD or DTD does, but has entirely different approach;
1691 Schematron is rule-based – defines assertions which must be met to have valid document;
1692 this rules are transformed into XSL template which is executed during validation;
1693 Schematron can be also combined with XSD
1694 – XSD schemas (which are more declarative and more clearly represents the desired structure of the document for humans)
1695 are enriched with Schematron assertions that adds more complex rules (that cannot be easily expressed in pure XSD)
1702 <term abbreviation="XSLT" completeForm="Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations" language="en"/>
1703 <term abbreviation="XSL" completeForm="Extensible Stylesheet Language" language="en"/>
1704 <explanation language="en">
1706 a transformation language for XML;
1707 can be used e.g. for
1708 conversion from one XML format to another one,
1709 for generating (plain) text or HTML,
1710 for user friendly visualisation of XML data (XHTML or SVG output),
1711 or for validations (raise error message on invalid input, see also Schematron);
1712 XSL templates are also written in XML
1719 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="XQuery" language="en"/>
1720 <explanation language="en">
1722 functional programming language for processing XML and other data
1729 <term abbreviation="XPath" completeForm="XML Path Language" language="en"/>
1730 <explanation language="en">
1732 a query language for selecting XML nodes;
1733 an XPath expression can also compute values and call XPath functions
1740 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="Ant" language="en"/>
1741 <explanation language="en">
1743 a tool for automating software build processes;
1744 does similar job like GNU Make, but is written in and for Java;
1745 equivalent for the Makefile is here build.xml which describes particular tasks and their dependencies;
1746 there is lot of tasks distributed with Apache Ant e.g.
1747 compilation of Java code,
1749 running XSLT transformations,
1750 packing JARs and other archives,
1751 copying and moving files
1752 or calling system commands;
1753 and user can also write own tasks in Java
1760 <term abbreviation="mvn" completeForm="Maven" language="en"/>
1761 <explanation language="en">
1763 a tool for automating software build processes;
1764 compared to Ant, Maven is much more declarative instead of procedural and is strongly focused on resolving dependencies on modules, components, libraries;
1765 dependencies (libraries) of a project are automatically downloaded from a repository;
1766 projects in Maven are described by a POM file
1773 <term abbreviation="POM" completeForm="Project Object Model" language="en"/>
1774 <explanation language="en">
1776 an XML configuration file which describes one Maven project;
1777 contains project metadata like name, owner, version, dependencies
1778 and phases of its build process
1785 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="Java" language="en"/>
1786 <explanation language="en">
1788 an object-oriented programming language designed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems;
1789 Java source code is compiled into byte code (.class files) which can be executed in JVM on many architectures and operating systems;
1790 Java is completely free software, there is OpenJDK and standard library distributed under GNU GPL license;
1791 there is also GNU Classpath – an independent and free software implementation of the standard library;
1792 Java is popular and well established enterprise-grade software platform
1799 <term abbreviation="JVM" completeForm="Java virtual machine" language="en"/>
1800 <explanation language="en">
1802 a runtime environment for running Java byte code;
1803 there is lot of programming languages that can be compiled into the bytecode and executed in JVM e.g.
1804 Clojure (a Lisp dialect),
1805 Scala (OOP and functional language),
1806 Groovy (a scripting language),
1807 Jython (an implementation of Python),
1809 or Rhino (JavaScript)
1816 <term abbreviation="JavaDoc" completeForm="Java documentation" language="en"/>
1817 <explanation language="en">
1819 documentation of Java source code (classes, enumerations, interfaces, packages);
1820 describes API and software's internals;
1821 is useful for developers, not too much for end-users
1828 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="Erlang" language="en"/>
1829 <explanation language="en">
1831 a functional programming language developed in Ericsson;
1832 influenced by Prolog and SmallTalk languages;
1833 Erlang implementation is a free software
1839 <term abbreviation="RegEx" completeForm="Regular Expression" language="en"/>
1840 <term abbreviation="RegExp" completeForm="Regular Expression" language="en"/>
1841 <term abbreviation="RE" completeForm="Regular Expression" language="en"/>
1842 <explanation language="en">
1844 an expression (sequence of characters) which forms a pattern that can be used for string matching –
1845 finding occurrences of the pattern in the text or evaluating whether the whole text matches the pattern;
1846 Example: regular expression (a|b)cde\d+ matches strings acde123 or bcde0 but not cde1 or acdex
1852 <term abbreviation="PCRE" completeForm=" Perl Compatible Regular Expressions" language="en"/>
1853 <explanation language="en">
1855 a C library for regular expressions compatible with Perl's RegEx dialect
1856 or this dialect itself
1862 <term abbreviation="Perl" completeForm="Practical Extraction and Reporting Language" language="en"/>
1863 <explanation language="en">
1865 an interpreted dynamic programming language;
1866 popular in UNIX environment for scripting and text processing;
1867 Perl syntax allows very effective and elegant notation especially while working with regular expressions, but sometimes it is hard to read;
1868 its implementation is free software
1874 <term abbreviation="POSIX" completeForm="Portable Operating System Interface" language="en"/>
1875 <explanation language="en">
1877 a family of standards for maintaining compatibility between operating systems;
1878 defines API, command line shells and utility interfaces
1879 and thus brings compatibility amog many variants of unix and unix-like operating systems;
1880 the name POSIX was suggested by Richard Stallman (the standards was formerly known as IEEE-IX);
1881 there are standards for e.g. process creation and control, signals, pipes, message passing, shared memory or semaphores;
1882 Examples of fully or mostly POSIX-compliant systems: AIX, IRIS, Solaris, OS X, GNU/Linux, BeOS (Haiku) or several BSD variants
1888 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="UNIX" language="en"/>
1889 <term abbreviation="Unics" completeForm="UNiplexed Information and Computing Service" language="en"/>
1890 <explanation language="en">
1892 a multitasking and multi-user operating system developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T hackers at Bell Labs;
1893 has influenced many other operating systems (now called UNIX-like OS) and established distinctive UNIX culture and philosophy;
1894 nowadays we have completely free software implementation called GNU (resp. GNU/Linux where Linux is operating system kernel or GNU/Hurd);
1895 UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems runs on many mission-critical servers and are also used on personal computers or even mobile phones and small devices like routers or firewalls;
1896 GNU/Linux runs on 95,2 % (and other 3,4 % are Unices too) of world's supercomputers with 97,4 % performance share (top500.org, June 2013 statistics)
1902 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="GNU/Linux" language="en"/>
1903 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="Linux" language="en"/>
1904 <explanation language="en">
1906 the GNU operating system with Linux kernel;
1912 <term abbreviation="GNU" completeForm="GNU's Not Unix!" language="en"/>
1913 <explanation language="en">
1915 a Unix-like operating system that is free software and is upward-compatible with Unix;
1916 the GNU Project was initially announced in September 1983 by Richard Stallman;
1917 nowadays is mostly used in combination with Linux kernel and called GNU/Linux
1923 <term abbreviation="GNU GPL" completeForm="GNU General Public License" language="en"/>
1924 <term abbreviation="GPL" completeForm="General Public License" language="en"/>
1925 <explanation language="en">
1927 a free software and copyleft license which is used by many free software packages
1933 <term abbreviation="GNU FDL" completeForm="GNU Free Documentation License" language="en"/>
1934 <term abbreviation="FDL" completeForm="Free Documentation License" language="en"/>
1935 <explanation language="en">
1937 whereas GNU GPL is free and copyleft license for software,
1938 the GNU FDL is similar license designed for documentaion – books, articles, drawings etc.
1944 <term abbreviation="FS" completeForm="free software" language="en"/>
1945 <explanation language="en">
1947 a category of software which respects user's freedoms – user of such software has the four essential freedoms:
1948 0) The freedom to run the program, for any purpose.
1949 1) The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing as you wish. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
1950 2) The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor.
1951 3) The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others. By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.;
1952 the term „Free software“ was defined by Richard Stallman
1958 <term abbreviation="OSS" completeForm="open source software" language="en"/>
1959 <explanation language="en">
1961 a category of software similar to Free software;
1962 the term „open source software“ was defined by Open Source Initiative;
1963 its definition contains ten requirements like free redistribution, available source code or allowing derived works;
1964 almost every open source license is also a free software license and vice versa;
1965 but there is different philosophical background – the free software movement has user's freedom as the main priority
1971 <term abbreviation="FSF" completeForm="Free Software Foundation" language="en"/>
1972 <explanation language="en">
1974 a non-profit organization founded by Richard Stallman on 4 October 1985 to support the free software movement;
1975 has developed the GNU operating system,
1976 issued licenses like GPL or FDL,
1977 maintains the Free Software Definition,
1978 does political campaigns and other activities related to user's freedoms;
1984 <term abbreviation="OSI" completeForm="Open Source Initiative" language="en"/>
1985 <explanation language="en">
1987 an organization dedicated to promoting open-source software;
1988 was founded in February 1998, by Bruce Perens and Eric S. Raymond;
1994 <term abbreviation="EFF" completeForm="Electronic Frontier Foundation" language="en"/>
1995 <explanation language="en">
1997 a non-profit organization focused on protecting user's freedoms and privacy in mostly digital world;
1998 fights against censorship and spying, criticises software patents
1999 and promotes – among others – free speech, privacy, e-voting and network neutrality
2005 <term abbreviation="OpenVMS" completeForm="Open Virtual Memory System" language="en"/>
2006 <term abbreviation="VMS" completeForm="Virtual Memory System" language="en"/><!-- informally -->
2007 <explanation language="en">
2009 an operating system for VAX, Alpha and Itanium-based computers
2015 <term abbreviation="VMS" completeForm="voice mail system" language="en"/><!-- informally -->
2016 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2019 <term abbreviation="LDAP" completeForm="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol" language="en"/>
2020 <explanation language="en">
2022 a binary protocol for accessing directories (specialized databases);
2023 LDAP databases are usually optimalized for reading operations with rare write operations;
2024 provides a tree-oriented view on data which is different from relational one in RDBMS;
2025 despite that some LDAP servers use relational database as its backend
2032 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="white pages" language="en"/>
2033 <explanation language="en">
2035 a method of looking up in a directory;
2036 we know a person's name or MSISDN and we are fetching particular record from LDAP or other database;
2037 so it is similar to using the white pages (not yellow) of a telephone directory (a thick paperback book)
2043 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="yellow pages" language="en"/>
2044 <explanation language="en">
2046 a method of looking up in a directory;
2047 we know just some criteria of desired object and we are fetching a list of records from LDAP or other database;
2048 for example we can search for a PostScript printer in second floor or subscribers with particular tariff;
2049 so it is similar to using the yellow pages (not white) of a telephone directory (a thick paperback book)
2055 <term abbreviation="SQL" completeForm="structured query language" language="en"/>
2056 <term abbreviation="SEQUEL" completeForm="structured english query language" language="en"/>
2057 <explanation language="en">
2065 <term abbreviation="noSQL" completeForm="Not SQL" language="en"/>
2066 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2070 <term abbreviation="RDBMS" completeForm="relational database management system" language="en"/>
2071 <term abbreviation="SŘDB" completeForm="systém řízení báze dat" language="cs"/>
2072 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2076 <term abbreviation="ODBC" completeForm="open database connectivity" language="en"/>
2077 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2081 <term abbreviation="JDBC" completeForm="java database connectivity" language="en"/>
2082 <explanation language="en">
2084 a standard Java API for accessing relational (SQL) databases
2091 <term abbreviation="AS" completeForm="application server" language="en"/>
2092 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2097 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="JBoss" language="en"/>
2098 <explanation language="en"><text>an application server</text></explanation>
2103 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="GlassFish" language="en"/>
2104 <explanation language="en"><text>an application server</text></explanation>
2109 <term abbreviation="WSDL" completeForm="web services description language" language="en"/>
2110 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2115 <term abbreviation="WADL" completeForm="web application description language" language="en"/>
2116 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2121 <term abbreviation="SOAP" completeForm="simple object access protocol" language="en"/>
2122 <term abbreviation="SOAP" completeForm="SOA Protocol" language="en"/>
2123 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2129 <term abbreviation="REST" completeForm="representational state transfer" language="en"/>
2130 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2134 <term abbreviation="EJB" completeForm="Enterprise JavaBeans" language="en"/>
2135 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2140 <term abbreviation="CORBA" completeForm="common object request broker architecture" language="en"/>
2141 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2145 <term abbreviation="IDL" completeForm="interface definition language" language="en"/>
2146 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2150 <term abbreviation="IIOP" completeForm="Internet InterORB Protocol" language="en"/>
2151 <term abbreviation="GIOP" completeForm="General Inter-ORB Protocol" language="en"/>
2152 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2157 <term abbreviation="RMI" completeForm="Remote Method Invocation" language="en"/>
2158 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2164 <term abbreviation="JAR" completeForm="Java ARchive" language="en"/>
2165 <explanation language="en">
2167 an archive format in which compiled Java classes, metadata and other resources are distributed;
2168 is based on the ZIP format and files have .jar extension;
2169 basic JAR files are used for desktop applications and Java libraries;
2170 there are also EAR and WAR for enterprise and web applications
2177 <term abbreviation="EAR" completeForm="Enterprise ARchive" language="en"/>
2178 <explanation language="en">
2180 a kind of JAR file in which an enterprise application is distributed/deployed
2187 <term abbreviation="WAR" completeForm="Web ARchive" language="en"/>
2188 <explanation language="en">
2190 a kind of JAR file in which a web application is distributed/deployed
2197 <term abbreviation="RAR" completeForm="Resource Adapter aRchive" language="en"/>
2198 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2203 <term abbreviation="AJP" completeForm="Apache JServ Protocol" language="en"/>
2204 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2210 <term abbreviation="HTTP" completeForm="hypertext transfer protocol" language="en"/>
2211 <term abbreviation="HTTPS" completeForm="hypertext transfer protocol secure" language="en"/>
2212 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2217 <term abbreviation="SSL" completeForm="secure socket layer" language="en"/>
2218 <term abbreviation="TLS" completeForm="transport layer security" language="en"/>
2219 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2225 <term abbreviation="DTLS" completeForm="datagram transport layer security" language="en"/>
2226 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2231 <term abbreviation="BASH" completeForm="Bourne Again Shell" language="en"/>
2232 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2236 <term abbreviation="SH" completeForm="shell" language="en"/>
2237 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2241 <term abbreviation="SSH" completeForm="secure shell" language="en"/>
2242 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="OpenSSH" language="en"/>
2243 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2249 <term abbreviation="SCP" completeForm="secure copy" language="en"/>
2250 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2255 <term abbreviation="SFTP" completeForm="SSH file transfer protocol" language="en"/>
2256 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2262 <term abbreviation="FTP" completeForm="file transfer protocol" language="en"/>
2263 <term abbreviation="FTPS" completeForm="file transfer protocol secure" language="en"/>
2264 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2269 <term abbreviation="PGP" completeForm="Pretty Good Privacy" language="en"/>
2270 <term abbreviation="GPG" completeForm="GNU Privacy Guard" language="en"/>
2271 <term abbreviation="GnuPG" completeForm="GNU Privacy Guard" language="en"/>
2272 <term abbreviation="OpenPGP" completeForm="Open Pretty Good Privacy" language="en"/>
2273 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2278 <term abbreviation="DSA" completeForm="digital signature algorithm" language="en"/>
2279 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2284 <term abbreviation="RSA" completeForm="Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman" language="en"/>
2285 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2290 <term abbreviation="EC" completeForm="elliptic curve" language="en"/>
2291 <term abbreviation="ECC" completeForm="elliptic curve cryptography" language="en"/>
2292 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2297 <term abbreviation="AES" completeForm="Advanced Encryption Standard" language="en"/>
2298 <term abbreviation="AES-128" completeForm="Advanced Encryption Standard 128-bit" language="en"/>
2299 <term abbreviation="AES-192" completeForm="Advanced Encryption Standard 192-bit" language="en"/>
2300 <term abbreviation="AES-256" completeForm="Advanced Encryption Standard 256-bit" language="en"/>
2301 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2306 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="Camellia" language="en"/>
2307 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2312 <term abbreviation="SHA" completeForm="secure hash algorithm" language="en"/>
2313 <term abbreviation="SHA-1" completeForm="secure hash algorithm 160-bit" language="en"/>
2314 <term abbreviation="SHA-2" completeForm="" language="en"/>
2315 <term abbreviation="SHA-3" completeForm="" language="en"/>
2316 <term abbreviation="SHA-256" completeForm="secure hash algorithm 256-bit" language="en"/>
2317 <term abbreviation="SHA-512" completeForm="secure hash algorithm 512-bit" language="en"/>
2318 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2323 <term abbreviation="MD4" completeForm="message-digest algorithm 4" language="en"/>
2324 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2329 <term abbreviation="MD5" completeForm="message-digest algorithm 5" language="en"/>
2330 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2335 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="ethernet" language="en"/>
2336 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2341 <term abbreviation="LAN" completeForm="local area network" language="en"/>
2342 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2346 <term abbreviation="WAN" completeForm="wide area network" language="en"/>
2347 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2351 <term abbreviation="WLAN" completeForm="wireless local area network" language="en"/>
2352 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2356 <term abbreviation="VLAN" completeForm="virtual local area network" language="en"/>
2357 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2362 <term abbreviation="IP" completeForm="Internet Protocol" language="en"/>
2363 <term abbreviation="IPv4" completeForm="Internet Protocol version 4" language="en"/>
2364 <term abbreviation="IPv6" completeForm="Internet Protocol version 6" language="en"/>
2365 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="IP address" language="en"/>
2366 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2371 <term abbreviation="FQDN" completeForm="fully qualified domain name" language="en"/>
2372 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="absolute domain name" language="en"/>
2373 <explanation language="en">
2375 a domain name like „some-machine.example.com“ which completely specifies the location in the DNS hierarchy including the TLD;
2376 compared to „some-machine“ which is not FQDN – is not globally unambiguous and will be resolved differently in different contexts
2382 <term abbreviation="MAC" completeForm="media access control" language="en"/>
2383 <explanation language="en">
2385 a data communication protocol, a sublayer of the layer 2 in OSI model (data link layer);
2386 a MAC address is a unique identifier of an network interface – used for IEEE 802 networks including Ethernet;
2387 they are assigned by the manufacturer of the card and stored in the hardware (can be often changed by the software);
2388 there are three numbering namespaces: MAC-48, EUI-48 and EUI-64;
2389 the address has 6 or 8 bytes and they are usually written in HEX, octets separated by : (a colon)
2395 <term abbreviation="TCP" completeForm="transmission control protocol" language="en"/>
2396 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2401 <term abbreviation="UDP" completeForm="user datagram protocol" language="en"/>
2402 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2407 <term abbreviation="SCTP" completeForm="stream control transmission protocol" language="en"/>
2408 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2412 <term abbreviation="QoS" completeForm="quality of service" language="en"/>
2413 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2417 <term abbreviation="FUP" completeForm="fair usage policy" language="en"/>
2418 <explanation language="en">
2420 a set of rules that should avoid excessive usage of a service by one user to the detriment of other user's comfort;
2421 example: „You can download 10 GB at full speed every month. If you exceed this limit the speed of your connection will descend to 64 kb/s“
2426 <term abbreviation="API" completeForm="application programming interface" language="en"/>
2427 <explanation language="en">
2429 specifies interaction between software components;
2430 adds an abstraction layer which divides calling code and called code
2431 and enables multiple implementations of such API (or SPI) like multiple databases (database drivers), file systems, remote services etc.
2432 examples of API: POSIX, OpenGL, JDBC, JMS or JMX
2438 <term abbreviation="SPI" completeForm="service provider interface" language="en"/>
2439 <explanation language="en">
2441 a kind of API to be implemented by third party;
2442 can be installed as plugin/addon/extension and used by the application over standard interface;
2443 examples of SPI: JDBC, JNDI or JAXP
2450 <term abbreviation="JMX" completeForm="Java management extensions" language="en"/>
2451 <term abbreviation="MBean" completeForm="managed bean" language="en"/>
2452 <explanation language="en">
2454 a Java technology for monitoring and managing applications or devices;
2456 managed objects (MBeans) can emit events, can be asked for values (e.g. counters) or an action (method) can be called on them;
2457 this native Java technology can be also adapted/translated to other protocols like SNMP or WS/SOAP and integrated with the non-Java world;
2458 thanks to this abstraction, the managed object can implement only simple Java interface and don't have to deal with other protocols (which is job of generic adaptors)
2465 <term abbreviation="JMS" completeForm="Java message service" language="en"/>
2466 <explanation language="en">
2468 a Java API for message-oriented middleware (MOM);
2469 allows JEE components to create, send, receive and read messages;
2470 supports both point-to-point and publish-subscribe messaging models;
2471 can be adapted/translated to many other protocols like SMTP, AMQP, XMPP or SOAP;
2472 is defined in JSR 914;
2473 examples of JMS implementations: Apache ActiveMQ, OpenJMS, HornetQ
2478 <tag>messaging</tag>
2481 <term abbreviation="MOM" completeForm="message-oriented middleware" language="en"/>
2482 <explanation language="en">
2484 a software (or even hardware) infrastructure for sending and receiving messages;
2485 can also offer routing and transformation features;
2486 for Java the MOM API is standardized as JMS
2490 <tag>messaging</tag>
2493 <term abbreviation="AMQP" completeForm="advanced message queuing protocol" language="en"/>
2494 <explanation language="en">
2496 an open and standard binary protocol for message-oriented middleware (MOM);
2497 is vendor and platform independent;
2498 whereas JMS defines programming API and is Java specific, the AMQP defines the wire-level protocol;
2499 so JMS (or other language/platform specific API) can be used inside the system and AMQP can be used for interconnection of systems in heterogenous environment;
2500 example of implementation: Apache ActiveMQ
2504 <tag>messaging</tag>
2507 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="wire-level protocol" language="en"/>
2508 <explanation language="en">
2510 the format of data sent over the network as stream of bytes;
2511 an application layer protocol
2517 <term abbreviation="JCA" completeForm="Java connector architecture" language="en"/>
2518 <explanation language="en">
2520 a Java EE technology for connecting application servers (AS) and enterprise information systems (EIS);
2521 is similar to JDBC (which is used for connecting to databases) but is much more generic
2522 and allows connecting any (often legacy) system using a specific connector
2529 <term abbreviation="EIS" completeForm="enterprise information system" language="en"/>
2530 <explanation language="en">
2532 an enterprise-class software system;
2533 typically high quality and critical service, large volumes of data, robust, supporting business processes
2539 <term abbreviation="OSGi" completeForm="Open Services Gateway initiative" language="en"/>
2540 <explanation language="en">
2542 a framework and module system for Java;
2543 allows applications with modular architecture composed from components
2544 that can be loaded, started, stopped, updated or uninstalled without restarting the JVM and the application;
2545 examples of OSGi implementations: Apache Felix, Equinox and Knopflerfish
2552 <term abbreviation="VPN" completeForm="virtual private network" language="en"/>
2553 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2558 <term abbreviation="P2P" completeForm="peer to peer" language="en"/>
2559 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2563 <term abbreviation="DNS" completeForm="domain name system" language="en"/>
2564 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2569 <term abbreviation="ENUM" completeForm="E.164 number mapping" language="en"/>
2570 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2573 <term abbreviation="NAPTR" completeForm="naming authority pointer resource records" language="en"/>
2574 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2577 <term abbreviation="SPID" completeForm="service profile identifier" language="en"/>
2578 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2581 <term abbreviation="DN" completeForm="distinguished name" language="en"/>
2582 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2586 <term abbreviation="CN" completeForm="common name" language="en"/>
2587 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2591 <term abbreviation="SN" completeForm="surname" language="en"/>
2592 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2596 <term abbreviation="DC" completeForm="domain component" language="en"/>
2597 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2601 <term abbreviation="CR" completeForm="change request" language="en"/>
2602 <explanation language="en">
2604 a request for changing a software – new features or modification of existing ones;
2605 when one or more CRs are developed, they are delivered as new version of software product;
2606 CR is requested by the customer (mobile network operator) and is delivered by the development team;
2607 CR consists of one or more DT which are assigned to particular developers
2613 <term abbreviation="DT" completeForm="development ticket" language="en"/>
2614 <explanation language="en">
2616 a task assigned to a software developer;
2617 one or more DTs together usually forms a CR;
2618 it is also possible to have an internal DT which is not linked to any CR (e.g. some refactoring or fixes or maintenence which was not requested by the customer);
2619 each commit in the versioning system should be linked to a DT
2625 <term abbreviation="TT" completeForm="trouble ticket" language="en"/>
2626 <explanation language="en">
2628 a request for fixing something in the production;
2629 requires some investigation and then can be solved by changing the configuration on site or by fixing the software (development)
2635 <term abbreviation="SRS" completeForm="System Requirement Specification" language="en"/>
2636 <explanation language="en">
2638 requirements on a software product or its particular change;
2639 is written from the system's point of view
2645 <term abbreviation="URS" completeForm="User Requirement Specification" language="en"/>
2646 <explanation language="en">
2648 requirements on a software product or its particular change;
2649 is written from the user's point of view
2655 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="engineering build" language="en"/>
2656 <explanation language="en">
2658 a build of a software product which was not done according to regular procedure and processes;
2659 might be used only for testing on site or during development – not in production;
2660 such software is often delivered as a tar.gz or JAR, WAR etc. file to be patched into existing installation, not as regular package (RPM, DEB etc.) as production version
2666 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="monkey patching" language="en"/>
2667 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2670 <term abbreviation="GMT" completeForm="Greenwich mean time" language="en"/>
2671 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2675 <term abbreviation="UTC" completeForm="coordinated universal time" language="en"/>
2676 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2680 <term abbreviation="TZ" completeForm="timezone" language="en"/>
2681 <term abbreviation="TZ" completeForm="time-zone" language="en"/>
2682 <term abbreviation="TZ" completeForm="time zone" language="en"/>
2683 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2687 <term abbreviation="IETF" completeForm="Internet Engineering Task Force" language="en"/>
2688 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2692 <term abbreviation="RFC" completeForm="request for comments" language="en"/>
2693 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2697 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="vendor lock-in" language="en"/>
2698 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="vendor-lock-in" language="en"/>
2699 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="vendor lock in" language="en"/>
2700 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2704 <term abbreviation="UT" completeForm="unit test" language="en"/>
2705 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2709 <term abbreviation="AT" completeForm="acceptance testing" language="en"/>
2710 <term abbreviation="UAT" completeForm="user acceptance testing" language="en"/>
2711 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2715 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="code coverage" language="en"/>
2716 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2720 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="jUnit" language="en"/>
2721 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2726 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="TestNG" language="en"/>
2727 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2732 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="tcpdump" language="en"/>
2733 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="tshark" language="en"/>
2734 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="wireshark" language="en"/>
2735 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2740 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="Asterisk" language="en"/>
2741 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2744 <term abbreviation="OTR" completeForm="off-the-record messaging" language="en"/>
2745 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2748 <tag>messaging</tag>
2752 <term abbreviation="CLI" completeForm="command-line interface" language="en"/>
2753 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2757 <term abbreviation="TUI" completeForm="text user interface" language="en"/>
2758 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2762 <term abbreviation="GUI" completeForm="graphical user interface" language="en"/>
2763 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2767 <term abbreviation="UI" completeForm="user interface" language="en"/>
2768 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2772 <term abbreviation="EOL" completeForm="end of line" language="en"/>
2773 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2777 <term abbreviation="COB" completeForm="close of business" language="en"/>
2778 <!-- e.g. you have until COB today to show us why you should not be disconnected -->
2779 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2783 <term abbreviation="SCCB" completeForm="software configuration control board" language="en"/>
2784 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2788 <term abbreviation="SCCB" completeForm="site configuration control board" language="en"/>
2789 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2793 <term abbreviation="RBDL" completeForm="rule based decision logic" language="en"/>
2794 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2799 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="OpenMoko" language="en"/>
2800 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="FreeRunner" language="en"/>
2801 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2804 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="OpenBSC" language="en"/>
2806 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2809 <term abbreviation="BSC" completeForm="base station controller" language="en"/>
2810 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2813 <term abbreviation="BTS" completeForm="base transceiver station" language="en"/>
2814 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2817 <term abbreviation="MSC" completeForm="mobile switching center" language="en"/>
2818 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2821 <term abbreviation="HLR" completeForm="home location register" language="en"/>
2822 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2825 <term abbreviation="AuC" completeForm="authentication center" language="en"/>
2826 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2829 <term abbreviation="VLR" completeForm="visitor location register" language="en"/>
2830 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2833 <term abbreviation="EIR" completeForm="equipment identity register" language="en"/>
2834 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2837 <term abbreviation="FXO" completeForm="foreign exchange office" language="en"/>
2838 <explanation language="en">
2840 the FXO interface is typically the plug on the phone (or modem)
2841 which receives the POTS service;
2842 should be connected to an FXS interface (not to another FXO interface)
2847 <term abbreviation="FXS" completeForm="foreign exchange station" language="en"/>
2848 <explanation language="en">
2850 the FXS interface is typically the plug on the wall
2851 which delivers the POTS service from telephone company to the subscriber;
2853 supplies battery power,
2856 should be connected to an FXO interface (not to another FXS interface)
2861 <term abbreviation="PBX" completeForm="private branch exchange" language="en"/>
2862 <explanation language="en">
2864 a kind of telephone exchange used in some office or company for its own purposes;
2865 provides FSX interface for connected phones;
2866 can have FXO interface for connecting to PTSN (for calling outside the company);
2867 nowadays are often deployed digital VoIP PBXes based on free software like Asterisk;
2868 such telephony can be pure IP based with no POTS or can have some FSX or FXO interfaces
2873 <term abbreviation="PSTN" completeForm="public switched telephone network" language="en"/>
2874 <explanation language="en">
2876 the worldwide public telephony network consisting of networks of particular carriers;
2877 the network is developed according to ITU-T standards and recommendations
2878 and uses uniform system of telephone numbers based on ITU-T recommendation E.164
2879 which provides a single global address space for telephone numbers
2884 <term abbreviation="POTS" completeForm="plain old telephone service" language="en"/>
2885 <explanation language="en">
2887 traditional wired telephony based on analog signals
2888 (contrary to ISDN which is digital)
2893 <term abbreviation="CID" completeForm="caller ID" language="en"/>
2894 <term abbreviation="CLIP" completeForm="calling line identification presentation" language="en"/>
2895 <term abbreviation="CLID" completeForm="calling line identification" language="en"/>
2896 <term abbreviation="CNID" completeForm="calling number identification" language="en"/>
2897 <term abbreviation="CND" completeForm="calling number delivery" language="en"/>
2898 <explanation language="en">
2900 a service that delivers caller's phone number to the called party's device during ringing;
2901 so the called party knows who is calling before answering the phone;
2902 this service is common in digital networks like VoIP, GSM or ISDN but can be provided also on analog POTS networks
2907 <term abbreviation="DTMF" completeForm="dual-tone multi-frequency signaling" language="en"/>
2908 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2911 <term abbreviation="AGC" completeForm="auto gain control" language="en"/>
2912 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2915 <term abbreviation="AEC" completeForm="auto echo cancellation" language="en"/>
2916 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2919 <term abbreviation="VAD" completeForm="voice activity detection" language="en"/>
2920 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2923 <term abbreviation="CNG" completeForm="comfort noise generation" language="en"/>
2924 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2927 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="streamlining" language="en"/>
2928 <explanation language="en"><text>delivering better product faster with smaller teams of less-experienced engineers</text></explanation>
2929 <!-- Internal: if you dont understand, just ignore it :-) -->
2932 <term abbreviation="" completeForm="relevant company" language="en"/>
2933 <explanation language="en"><text>a company which is not going to bankrupt</text></explanation>
2934 <!-- Internal: if you dont understand, just ignore it :-) -->
2937 <term abbreviation="DAO" completeForm="data access object" language="en"/>
2938 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2942 <term abbreviation="DTO" completeForm="data transfer object" language="en"/>
2943 <explanation language="en"><text></text></explanation>
2947 <term abbreviation="TBD" completeForm="to be done" language="en"/>
2948 <term abbreviation="TODO" completeForm="to do" language="en"/>
2949 <explanation language="en"><text>Something that should or will be done later. Used as comments in draft version of documents or in software source code.</text></explanation>
2952 <term abbreviation="etc" completeForm="et cetera" language="la"/>
2953 <explanation language="en"><text>and so forth, and the rest</text></explanation>
2957 <term abbreviation="e.g" completeForm="exempli gratia" language="la"/>
2958 <explanation language="en"><text>for instance, for example</text></explanation>
2962 <term abbreviation="i.e." completeForm="id est" language="la"/>
2963 <explanation language="en"><text>in other words, that is</text></explanation>
2967 <term abbreviation="i.a." completeForm="inter alia" language="la"/>
2968 <explanation language="en"><text>among other things</text></explanation>
2972 <term abbreviation="N.B." completeForm="nota bene" language="la"/>
2973 <explanation language="en"><text>note well, note</text></explanation>
2977 <term abbreviation="per cent." completeForm="per centum" language="la"/>
2978 <explanation language="en"><text>percent, for each one hundred</text></explanation>
2982 <term abbreviation="p.a." completeForm="per annum" language="la"/>
2983 <explanation language="en"><text>annually</text></explanation>
2987 <term abbreviation="cca" completeForm="circa" language="la"/>
2988 <explanation language="en"><text>approximately</text></explanation>
2992 <term abbreviation="c.v." completeForm="curriculum vitae" language="la"/>
2993 <term abbreviation="CV" completeForm="curriculum vitae" language="la"/>
2994 <explanation language="en"><text>a document summarizing your relevant job experience and education</text></explanation>
2998 <term abbreviation="et al." completeForm="et alii" language="la"/>
2999 <explanation language="en"><text>and others, and co-workers</text></explanation>
3003 <term abbreviation="P.S." completeForm="post scriptum" language="la"/>
3004 <explanation language="en"><text>after what has been written; used at the end of the letters/messages for additions</text></explanation>
3008 <term abbreviation="Q.E.D." completeForm="quod erat demonstrandum" language="la"/>
3009 <explanation language="en"><text>which was to be demonstrated</text></explanation>
3013 <term abbreviation="R.I.P." completeForm="requiescat in pace" language="la"/>
3014 <explanation language="en"><text>rest in peace</text></explanation>
3018 <term abbreviation="vs." completeForm="versus" language="la"/>
3019 <explanation language="en"><text>against</text></explanation>